Device for adjusting, altering, and changing scales and graphic nets



June-ZO, 1933. A, TRocHE 1,915,038 ymsvIcE PQR ADJUs'rING, ALTERING, AND CHANGING SCALES AND GRAPHIC NET5 Filed June 8, 1928 Fig-l Patented June 20, 1933 UNITED s'rTl-:s

.ALFRED TROCHE, 0F DARH-STADT, GERMANY DEVICE FOB ADJUSTING, ALTEBING, ANDCHANGING SCAIiES AND GRAPHIC NETS Application med June 8, 1928, Serial No. 283,954, and in Germany August 2, 1926.

This invention is an improved calculating device for employing variable scales and utilizing them ma new way, and includes as the main feature a scale which is variable b 5 itself, as hereinafter'described andy claime and which is especially adapted for use for calculating cross sections of reinforced concrete. n In the accompanying drawing Figure 1 is a plan of ap aratus constructed -in accordance with one orm of' my invention.

Figure 2 is a vertical, longitudinal, secr tional View of the same. l Figure 3 is a plan of a modified form of the invention.

Figure 4 is a vertical, "longitudinal,y scctional view,of the same. n In Figures 1 and 2 the curves l, of the scale "o d1 are drawn on a c linder C1. The curves Z2 of the scale d, are rawn on an endless web B. The cylinder C1 and the web B are connected together by a chain K so that any movement of the web B must induce posly" tively a rotary movement of the cylinder C1.

Here, therefore, the movements of the elements of different scales d1 and d, are positively connected together.A a Similarly in Figs. 3 and 4 the movable runners L2, M2, N2 and hence also the pointerf- Z1, Z2 and their reading lines R1, R2 may be connected by means of gears, racks and similar auxila'ry devices, belts, chains etc., with the plate G, so that'any movement of J the runner L2 must induce positively av sliding movement of the plate G. The movements of the scale elements and indicator elements la, m, L2, Z1, Z2, R1, R2 are coupled to- J gether, that is, they are positively connected. vIn Figs. 3 and 4 the connection is eected by means of the spindle F, the toothed wheel H, the rack U and the hand 'wheel W. v

In the form of the invention shown in Figs. 3 and 4, plates P2 and P2 made of transparent material as glass, celluloid or the like, carry lines p2, p2 respectively scratched or etched thereon. These 'plates carrying these lines are mounted on frames, either rigidly as r) shown in Fig. 3 at the left hand side, or movably as shown in Fig. 3 at the right hand sido (T). A group of curves l3 or a net Work of curves m is drawn on another plate G made of any desired material. This second plate G is slidable in the frame underneath the transparent plates P2 and Pr". Each curve 55 ,tain 'scale so that the numbering of the curves will then apply to the value of the scale. This scale D, then comprises two cooperatin scale elements which are locally separate from each other but are optically in coincidence. These two elements are the line pa and the group of curves Z3. This scale has no actual points but only apparent optical points.

If now the plate G with the group of 75 curves .la thereon is shifted laterally towards the right or towards the left, the location of the apparent points of the scale also is varied for the curves Z3 converge. The scale D5 then shows another division. This scale .8 D., has lthus been changed in itself.

Taken theoretically the optical cooperation of the line pa w1th the group of curves Z3 permits an absolutely indefinite number of scale devices or variations of the scale D5. 85

The representation of the line p3 may be i effected obviously without the aid of transparent plates. This line will be represented by a thread or wire as shown in Figure 1 at the left'hand but only if the line p1 is rectilinear. It may also be represented by a very thin rod which may be utilized either as a straight rod or `in any variable desired shape, for instance in the shape of an S as being then similar to the line p2 of scale D1 9 in Figure 3. All of these various embodiments have that deceptive feature in common that the scales are composed of separate individual elements p1 and Z1 (or p2 and f n, or p, and 1,). They are optically associated 10 and the scale device or graduation is variable as desired.

The reading points el and e2 of optical scales d1 and (Z,5 are marked by lines r1 and r2, which are constructed in the same or a similar manner as the lines 111,122,1)3 andare borne by the elements 2 z2. These elements a, and z2 rotate round the points L1, M1 and N1 and also slide upon M1 and N1.

Provision is lmade for the positive coupling of the movements of a plurality of scale elements. In Figures 3 and 4, for instance, one scale element of scale D5, namely the group of curves lZ3 and another scale element of the scale El namely the net m are drawn on the same plate G. Now if this plate G is shifted, the two elements m and Za are both shifted simultaneously and the scale devices or graduations of both scales D, and D5 become variable in accordance with a very definite rule or law. The movements of the scales D, and @s or the movements or 'their elements, therefore. are coupled to- IQether here in the mostsimpleway. T hey are positively or rigidly interconnected.

The origin and production of an optically variable scale or of an optically variable scale element. namely the group oi curves Z1, Z2, Z3 out orn a large number of individual scales of the known type is discussed as follows.

lf one draws all or only a few scales of a group of scales as close together as necessary on a base, joins together the points of similar notation by curved lines O, l, 2, 3, 4 in the groups Z1,Z2, Zn and then again removes the original scale carriers (the reference lines to which the scale points leading to the curves drawn), to short end pieces, which merely serve 4l'or indicating the scale carriers which were originally there, then 1from the former groups of scales there exist series of curves Z1, Z2. Z3 vvhile the remaining end pieces of the previous carriers Jform reference scales c1, s1, A1, il@ transversely of the series i3 curves Z1, Z2, Z3. new one places an opce exis g2, 'for example a line p1 on a transaren't plate l or a wire p1 stretched in a rame P1 or thin li. e-like rods of suitable erm over the .series of curves, it appears 'o the eye as if these lines p1, 771, p11 were 'vided like e scale by the. curves Z1, Z1, Z3 crossng it (optical scales 651,131, (Zh, Dg). Line p1, 'J or p therefore replaces the scale carrier eviously concerned; p1. p2 or ps'and Z1, Z2 o- Z3 are thus two individual but optically coasting scale elements, which 'form new scales upon the smallest movement relative to one another.

ln the operation just described the elcments Z1, Z2, Z1, or the bases with the curves Z1, Z2, Z3 drawn. thereon remain at rest, and the lines p1, 'I 2, 7) moved thereover. T he Areverse would naturally be possible. the elements Z1, Z1, Z3 boing drawn on movable bases,

for example on rollers C, endless bands B, movable slides G, leaves and so forth, and movable or rotatable beneath the stationary elements p1, p2, p2 or p3) and Z1 might be simultaneously movable.

Also the movement of the elements can be effected by deforming, for example. bending, same. In all cases they form optically coacting scales of unlimited variability.

Instead of simple curves Z1, Z1, Z1 and single lines p1, p2, p3, so called nets m may be provided, consisting of series of curves crossing one another. 'lhey can be arranged in one plane, for example on the same base, C1 or G or P1 or P2 or S or s1, or like; the scales above described may be arranged-in different lanes above one another (for example on and several plates P1 or a plurality of frames a1 above one. another). The nets mformed are then associated, optically connected nets with more than two elements.

For indicating the reading positions e1, e1, F1, E2 on the scales and nets so Jformed in this invention, optical axes (lines and curves) r1, r2, R1. R2 are again employed, these being arranged to be movable (that is, in position or lform) transversely above (or below or between) the elements Z1, Z2, Z3, m and p1, p, p, for example upon frames s1, s1, S1, S1, these again being carried upon holders s1, 21, Z1, Z which are pivotally mounted on movable fulcrum points L1, M1, N1 and L2, M1, N2, respectively. Each movement of the latter for example alters the position of the reading position (11 or E1 in a desired manner..

ln the following, two examples will be described illustrating the utilization of the apparatus shown in Figures l and 2.

First (nmmpZa-In this example the two runners M1. N1 are first clamped on the known points of the scales (Z2 and (Z1. It may be assumed that that point is known on which the endless web B may be set on the scale a2. ilcncc owing to the connection of the chain K with the cylinder C1 the point 0n the scale (L1 to which the cylinder C1 is to be set is absolutely determined. It may now be desired to :Lind thc pertaining values of the scales (Z1, (Z1. This means that we have to find the correct position of the pointers s1, s* and this correct Aposition 'of these pointers will be that position in which underneath both readingpoints e1. c1 of scale (Z1 and scale (Z5 there is a curve of the group Z1, Z1' which in both scales (Z1 and (Z5 have the. same numerical indication, pointed out on the scale (Z11 by the runner L1.

hence also the cylinder C1 are set in the proper position so that the line p1 of scale (Z5 passes through the assumed point of the scale a. The two runners M1, N1 are then clamped on the known points of the scales s, di. Then :the runner L1'is slowly shifted along the scale (Z1. During this shifting movement of the 1 or both elements p1 (or (br Z2 or Z3) or their carriers M1 N1 because these ointers are mounted on 9 f these-runners M1, N1 not only that they can rotate but also can slide thereon. Owing to the rotation of thepointers the reading lines 11, r2 now slide over both optical scales so that the apparent intersections e1, e2 of the lines p1, 1'1, 1'2 travel along the optical scales.- In

general the point e1 011 theleft hand scale (Z1 will first be on a curve Z1 havinga numerical value different from that of curve Z1 with which the point e2 on the right hand scale Z5 coincides. .But the location of the two points e1, e1 will be shifted simultaneously and during this shifting movement it will happen once only that point e1 of the pointer a1 is on a curve Z1 having the same numerical indicator as the curve Z2 below the point e2 of the pointer z2.- At this instant the movement of the pointers is stopped because the desired posiktion of the pointers has now been found. The

result may then be read. This result is: (1) The value of the scale d1 for the runner L1 and (2) the numerical indication of the curves below the points e1, e2, which numerical indicator in both scales-d1, (Z5 is `now of the same numerical value. Second eampZe.-It may be assumed that the, setting points of the three scales d2, (Z1, Z* are known. It is desired to find the pertaining reading points on the scales d1, d and a1, a2 again dependent on the same condition, namely that c1 to the left and e2 to the right must be located about curves Z1, Z2 of the same numerical indicator Value.

SoZutz'0n.The three runners L1, M1, N1 are set to the assumed points of thescales d2, (Z3, cZ, and the two pointers a1, 21 are 'in fixed positions. A slow movement is now imparted to the web B by means of an auxiliary roll or cylinder y which is located below 'the scale d1. Owing to the action of' the chain'K in the form of the invention shown in Figures 1 and 2,'the cylinder C1 also is rotated so that the two scales a1, a2 slowly pass below the lines .p1. The two scales a1, a1 passing underneath the lines p1 indicate thev evenness of this rotary move-. ment to the optical scale value. During this movement of the web B and the cylinder C1 there are also continually displaced the curves Z1, Z2 below the two reading points e1, e. In this operation, therefore, just as in the first example, there will occur an instance and one instance only where again curves Z1, Z2 are below the two points e1, e2 which have the same identical numerical indicator. It is, therefore, this numerical indicator of the two curves Z1, Z2 which had to be determined. The other value to be determined is the value of the scale a1vwhich at this very instant is located below the line p1 and can be read.

From these two practical examples it will be apparent that the ap aratus as shown in Figures 1 and 2 as wel as the a paratus shown in Figures 3 and 4, serve or solving equations with two unknowns. Fi res 1 to 4 show diagrammatically two em odiments of a calculating machine for calculating cross-sections of reinforced concrete. .Y

The scales a1 and a1 and A1 and A2 respectively show the strains which occur in the cross-section to be calculated if this crosssection is put under strain by a pressure force and an external bending moment. The value of the pressure force can be set on the scale. d* or D'l respectively. The bending moment can be set on the scale d2, D respectively. The curves Z1 or Z2 or Z or m respectively show then the reinforcement necessary for the cross-section. The scales LZ1 and D3 respectively show the strength of the cross-section. Hence, the case assumed in the first example is the following: The

`known values are the permissible marginal strains, and the forces coming into play, that is, the pressure force and the moment. It is desired to findthe strength of the steel reinforcement to be used and the cross-sectional area to be employed. In the case of the second` example, conditions given above the outer forces are known and the area of the cross-section. What is to be found are the marginal strains and the strength of the reinforcement required.

The use of this optically variable scale is not limited to these two forms of the embodiment illustrated, as further modifications may be made therein within the scope of the appended claims.

I claim:

Calculating a paratus of the class described, comprising a plurality of movable scale elements arranged in spaced relation, and each having an optical scale formed of curved lines, and also having a scale for determining its position, means for simultaneously moving the said scale elements, means presenting an optical axis line across each optical scale.; apointer for each scale element and having a line extending across the optical axis line thereof, a pivot by which said pointers are pivotally connected together, means for moving the said pivot, and hence the connected ends of the pointers simultaneously in a path substantially parallel with the optical axis lines, a scale for determining the positiony of the said pivot, means for independently moving the said pointers, and scales, each associated with one of the pointers, for determining the position`s thereof.

In testimony whereofI have hereunto set my hand this 28th day of March 1928.

ALFRED TBOGHE. 

